Critical
Management Division
The
Academy of Management
2009
Main Program
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Sunday |
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Tuesday |
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5:45- 7:10PM |
8:00 - 9:30AM |
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Monday |
8:00 - 9:30AM |
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8:00 - 9:30AM |
9:45 - 11:15AM |
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8:00 - 9:30AM |
9:45 - 11:15AM |
The Employee
Free Choice Act and the Prospects for a New Green Social Contract |
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9:45 - 11:15AM |
Knowledge
Unbound: The Postcolonial Ferment and Critical Management Scholarship |
9:45 - 11:15AM |
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9:45 - 11:15AM |
9:45 - 11:15AM |
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9:45 - 11:15AM |
The Mortgage
Meltdown: Organizational Explanations of the U.S. Housing Crisis |
11:30 - 1:00PM |
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11:30 - 1:00PM |
11:30 - 1:00PM |
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11:30 - 1:00PM |
11:30 - 1:00PM |
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11:30 - 1:00PM |
11:30 - 1:00PM |
The Promise and
Reality of Management Education: A World View |
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1:15 - 2:45PM |
1:15 - 2:45PM |
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3:00 - 4:30PM |
1:15 - 2:45PM |
Practicing
Capitalism as if the Earth Matters: Teaching Sustainability to MBA Students |
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3:00 - 4:30PM |
3:00 - 4:30PM |
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3:00 - 4:30PM |
3:00 - 4:30PM |
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3:00 - 4:30PM |
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3:00 - 4:30PM |
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4:45 - 6:15PM |
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Session |
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Session Type |
Sponsor(s) |
Date & Time |
Hotel & Room |
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Sunday, Aug 9 2009 |
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502 |
The Politics of
Sustainable Coffee Chair: Roy Stager Jacques; Massey
U. Auckland; This theme session features the founders
of two coffee businesses working to create fair and environmentally
sustainable coffee production. |
Theme Session |
(CMS) |
5:45PM - 7:10PM |
Hyatt Regency Chicago, Toronto |
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Monday, Aug 10 2009 |
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560 |
Development Politics
and Management Chair: Mary Reidy;
Case Western Reserve U CMS: Organizational Accounting in
Non-Governmental Organizations: Between Text, Experience and Modernity
Author: Sadhvi
Dar; Queen Mary U. of London; This paper’s empirical focus is
International Non Governmental NGOs working in India. The paper critiques accounting
practices in their widest application including reporting structures. It
attempts to challenge the West’s claim on modernity by identifying ‘other modernities’ located in Indian NGO accounting practices
and performatives. The empirical case describes
alternative accounting practices, such as indigenous theatre and group songs.
In conclusion, the paper cites local, grassroots accounting tools as
representing and containing valuable contestations against the modernist
market-management (Parker, 2002) way of organizing work. However, the paper
acknowledges prevailing NGO idealism that ignores how such ‘indigenous’
alternatives can also reinforce management discipline in organizations. CMS: Restoring the Authority of Public Strategists
and Administration Author: Alex Faria;
EBAPE-FGV; Author: Takeyoshi
Imasato; EBAPE-FGV; Author: Richard Marens;
California State U. Sacramento; In accordance with the basic tenets of neoliberalism, the transfer of strategic management knowledge
from U.S. to Latin America was taken as necessary to raise the legitimate
authority of big corporations and their strategists over the last fifteen
years. Drawing upon a critical postcolonial standpoint, this paper argues
that the effective power of big corporations and their strategists in Latin
America has been based not only on the disciplinarian construction of their
legitimate authority, at expense of other strategists and organizations, but
also on historical processes within U.S. that have been ignored even by
critical scholars. Going beyond more typical discursive frameworks mobilized
by critical postcolonial researchers, this paper argues that the field of
strategic management has been historically important to the construction of
legitimate authority of strategists of big corporations in developing
countries, mostly at expense of public administrators and public
organizations, but also on behalf of the U.S. government and public
administration. It concludes by arguing that the relevance of critique within
strategic management in Brazil, as much as in the relevance of critique in
the Anglo-American world, requires restoring the authority of public
strategists and construction of a strategy of international cooperation aimed
to create a strong field of public administration from a critical
perspective. CMS: The Dark Heart of
the Dark Continent: Postcolonial Feminist Analysis of Immigrant Education
Author: Viktorija
Kalonaityte; Växjö
U.;
The central themes of this paper are the intersections of
ethnicity and gender in a municipal school for adults. The analysis draws on
Foucault’s view of disciplinary power and postcolonial theory, more
particularly Said’s work on the Orientalist
discourse, and Third world feminist theory in order to investigate the
relationship between the Orientalist
conceptualizations of a gendered Third World Other and the teaching practices
of the school. The study shows that the stereotyping view of the students
shapes the disciplinary techniques within the teaching practices, and holds
the students and the personnel of the school prisoners of a censuring and
limiting world-view. |
Paper Session |
(CMS) |
8:00AM - 9:30AM |
Hyatt Regency Chicago, Toronto |
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600 |
Research on Ethics
and Corruption Facilitator: Daniela Truty;
Northeastern Illinois U OB: The Effects
of Leadership on Follower Ethical Decision Making Author: Weichun
Zhu; Claremont McKenna College; This study examined the effects of
transformational and active transactional leadership behavior on follower
moral identity and ethical decision-making. Results from an experimental
study revealed that both transformational and active transactional leadership
behavior has a positive effect on follower moral identity and ethical
decision-making. Moreover, follower moral identity mediated the effect of transformational
and active transactional leadership behavior on follower ethical
decision-making. Results also revealed that moral intensity has a positive
effect on follower ethical decision making. Theoretical and practical
implications of these results are discussed.
CMS: Critical
business ethics in economics and management Author: Jacob Dahl Rendtorff; Roskilde U.; In this analysis of the epistemology
of business ethics I will begin with a discussion of the relation between business
ethics and the epistemology of economic sciences. After this I will define
the epistemological basis for business ethics as emerging in the intersection
between descriptive positivist economics and deconstructive discourse
analysis (1). A further basis for my methodology of business ethics is the
perspective of ”critical hermeneutics” as well as an interdisciplinary
approach to social science and institutional sociology in business (2). From
this point of view I go on to discuss the concept of the firm in organization
theory and I propose to define business ethics in close relation with
institutional theory (3). In the broader perspective of ethics and society we
can talk about “integrative business ethics” integrating business ethics,
economics and social sciences in the study of business ethics in practice in
organizations (4). Thus, the function of this epistemological chapter is to
propose business ethics not as something external and fundamentally different
but rather as an integrated part of social sciences, management and economics
as “moral sciences”. OB: If it Feels
Right, Lie About It: Conscientiousness, Regulatory Focus, and Escalation of
Corruption Author: Adam Barsky;
U. of Melbourne; Author: Michael Sankey; U. of Melbourne; Author: Christina E. Shalley; Georgia Institute of Technology; Escalating commitment to an
unethical course of action can be extremely maladaptive, both for individuals
and organizations. In this manuscript, we examined the phenomenon of escalation
of deception, focusing our attention on identifying why this behavior occurs
from an individual perspective. Data collected from 170 participants through
a managerial simulation showed that those low in conscientiousness were more
prone to escalating their commitment to an initial act of deception.
Furthermore, this effect was exacerbated when individuals possessed strong
regulatory orientations (both promotion and prevention foci). Theoretical and
practical implications for researchers and managers are discussed and
suggestions for future research outlined. BPS: Corruption
in Emerging Countries. A matter of Mimetism.
Author: Bertrand Venard; Audencia Nantes
School of Management; Relying on neo-institutional
literature, this paper focuses on the influence of organizational isomorphism
on corruption in emerging countries. A questionnaire was administrated in
face-to-face interviews with top executives in firms across various economic
sectors in emerging countries. Major contributions of the papers are also to
show that corruption is influenced by coercive, mimetic and competitive
isomorphism. Hence, we conclude a firm is more likely to use corruption if
its competitors already employ unfair behaviours. SIM: Tales from
the front: Mid-level managers & (un)ethical encounters
Author: Kathy Lund Dean;
Idaho State U.; Author: Jeri Mullins Beggs; Illinois State U.; Author: Timothy P. Keane;
Saint Louis U.; In the research that has examined
destruction wrought by major ethics scandals, the interactionist
model of ethical decision-making has taken significant prominence. This paper
reports on research outcomes detailing real issues MBAs occupying entry-level
and mid-level management positions face day-to-day. Results offer qualitative
validation for multi-faceted decision-making relationships and offer defined
examples of the stressors these managers face in the workplace. The study
includes lower-level managers, essentially excluded from extant literature,
and focuses on actual workplace behaviors both undertaken and observed.
Results indicate that pressures from organization sources and ambiguity in
letter vs spirit of rules account for over a third
of the most frequent unethical situations encountered, and that most managers
did not expect to face those issues. Various cultural factors accounted for
32% of the organizational factors that affected decisions. We discuss
implications for ethics in the workplace, including the unique challenges for
newer managers. |
Interactive Paper Session |
(IP) |
8:00AM - 9:30AM |
Hyatt Regency Chicago, Regency C Table 4 |
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660 |
Knowledge Unbound:
The Postcolonial Ferment and Critical Management Scholarship Chair: Anshuman
Prasad; U. of New Haven; Organizer: Anshuman
Prasad; U. of New Haven; Presenter: Anshuman
Prasad; U. of New Haven; Presenter: Roy Stager Jacques;
Massey U. Auckland; Presenter: Pushkala
Prasad; Skidmore College; Presenter: Raza A Mir;
William Paterson U.; This presenter symposium proposes to
explore the ways in which postcolonial theory may help channel critique in management
scholarship in new and unique directions. The first presentation discusses
how postcolonial theory can meaningfully enhance the current critical
understanding of globalization. While so doing, this presentation also draws
attention to some of the differences between postcolonial theory and other
critical approaches (e.g., Marxism, postmodernism, post-structuralism, etc.),
and explains how postcolonial theory can uniquely add to current approaches
for critically analyzing globalization. The second presentation examines the
processes that seem to blunt the edge of critical scholarship in management,
and looks at the radical nature of the epistemological challenge posed by
postcolonial theory to organizational scholarship. The third presentation analyzes
the discourse of the Islamic veil in contemporary Scandinavia and its effects
on Muslim immigrant workers in private and public organizations. Employing
Edward Said’s concept of Orientalism,
this presentation argues that, contrary to the position adopted by some
critical management scholars, discourses are not merely textual/literary
artifacts but devices that have decidedly material aspects and consequences.
Finally, the last presentation relies upon the postcolonial idea of the
‘fragment’ in order to critically interrogate the current notion of corporate
citizenship. This presentation demonstrates how the idea of corporate
citizenship leaves out a variety of actors in the shadows of theoretical
debates on corporate behavior, and highlights ways in which those
marginalized actors can make their presence felt in the political as well as
theoretical realm. Toward a
Postcolonial Reading of Globalization: Revisiting the East Asian Financial
Crisis
Presenter: Anshuman
Prasad; U. of New Haven; The “Diversity
Threat” to Epistemological Hegemony: Postcolonial Theory and Organizational
Knowledge
Presenter: Roy Stager Jacques;
Massey U. Auckland; Discourse and
Materiality: Postcolonial Imaginations and the Veil in the Scandinavian
Workplace
Presenter: Pushkala
Prasad; Skidmore College; Interrogating
Corporate Citizenship: Postcolonial Lessons for Organizational Theory Presenter: Raza A Mir;
William Paterson U.; |
Symposium |
(CMS, OMT) |
9:45AM - 11:15AM |
Hyatt Regency Chicago, Toronto |
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684 |
Institutionalization
and Roles Facilitator: Rich DeJordy; Boston College; OM: HRM within Intra-Firm
Supply Relationships: An Institutional Perspective Author: Marie Koulikoff-Souviron;
CERAM; Author: Alan Harrison; Cranfield U.; While there are several studies on
HRM at the level of the inter-firm dyadic relationship, the HR aspects of intra-firm
strategic supply relationships have been largely ignored. Yet the
interdependence context requires coordination between functions, sites and
stages of the internal supply chain. Drawing on a case study in the
pharmaceutical industry, we first explore the influence of HR practices on
the intra-firm relationship and then test the relevance of institutional
theory for explaining the evolution of the relationship. Our findings show
the disruptive effects of HR practices focused on site-based objectives and
the improved coordination that resulted from redesigning HR processes to
achieve internal operational integration. Building on recent interest in
relational approaches to HR practices, this study is the first to operationalize the need for aligning HR practices on
end-to-end objectives at different stages of the intra-firm supply chain. Our
findings have practical implications for the design of HR practices within
MNCs characterized by complex and fragmented internal environments. MED: Management
Education: Classifying Business Curricula and Conceptualizing Transfers and
Bridges Author: Davar
Rezania; Grant MacEwan
College; Author: Mike Henry; Grant MacEwan College; Traditionally, higher academic
education has favoured acquisition of individualized
conceptual knowledge over context-independent procedural knowledge. Applied
degrees, on the other hands, favour procedural
knowledge. We present a conceptual model for classifying a business
curriculum. This classification can inform discussion around difficulties
associated with issues such as assessment of prior learning, as well as
transfers and bridges from applied degrees to baccalaureate degrees in
business education. OMT: Institutional
Work Taken Literally: How Logics Shift as Banking Lawyers 'Get the Deal Done'
Author: Michael Smets; Said Business School; The role of interest and agency in
the creation and transformation of institutions, in particular the “paradox
of embedded agency” (Seo & Creed, 2002) have
long puzzled institutional scholars. Most recently, Lawrence and Suddaby (2006) coined the term “institutional work” to
describe various strategies for creating, maintaining and disrupting
institutions. This label, while useful to integrate existing research,
highlights institutionalists’ lack of attention to
work as actors’ everyday occupational tasks and activities. Thus, the
objective of this study is to take institutional work literally and ask: How
does practical work come to constitute institutional work? Drawing on
concepts of “situated change” (Orlikowski, 1996) I
supplement existing macro-level perspectives of change with a microscopic,
practice-based alternative. I examine the everyday work of English and German
banking lawyers in a global law firm. Located at the intersection of local
laws, international financial markets, commercial logics and professional
norms, banking lawyers’ work regularly bridges different normative settings.
Hence, they must constructively negotiate contradictory meanings, practices
and logics to develop shared routines that resonate with different normative
frameworks and facilitate task accomplishment. Data show how new practices
gain shape and legitimacy over a series of dialectic contests unfolding at
work and how, in turn, these contests shift institutional logics as lawyers
‘get the deal done’. These micro-mechanisms suggest that as practical and
institutional work blend, everyday working practices come to constitute a
form of institutional agency that is situated, emergent, dialectic and,
therefore, embedded. CMS: The
production of normative social roles by texts: An inquiry into an investment
procedure Author: Claire Dambrin; HEC Paris; Author: Anne Pezet;
U. Paris-Dauphine, DRM; This paper brings to light how
normative social roles are created by procedures, focusing on their very form
(Goody, 1977; 1986; 2000; Norman, 1991; 1993; Phillips & Hardy, 2002;
Phillips, Lawrence & Hardy, 2004). Using a content analysis of an
investment procedure conducted in 2004 in a European pharmaceutical multinational,
this paper shows how this specific form takes effect during the institutionalisation of investment ideals (e.g.
competitiveness, value creation) into normative roles. We show that the texts
of investment procedures as well as the cognitive artefacts
(formulae, drop down lists, typologies, etc.) that make them up shape each
phase of the institutionalisation process: objectivation, stabilisation
and subjectivation (Berger & Luckmann, 1966; Hasselbladh
& Kallinikos, 2000). This paper’s contribution is
three-fold. First, using the concept of normative social roles, studying the
investment procedure enables us to illustrate how a discursive text is
already a practice in and of itself. Next, it brings to light the complexity
of a procedure through an intertextuality made up
of different texts but also of technologies of the intellect, and thus
contributes to bolstering the interest of discourse analysis in understanding
the mechanisms of institutionalisation. Finally,
this paper contributes to neo-institutional sociology (NIS) by focusing on
the micro-social level and especially by analysing
the material vehicles enabling social roles to be constructed. |
Interactive Paper Session |
(IP) |
9:45AM - 11:15AM |
Hyatt Regency Chicago, Regency B Table 1 |
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727 |
The Mortgage
Meltdown: Organizational Explanations of the U.S. Housing Crisis Organizer: Paul M Hirsch;
Northwestern U.; Presenter: Marcus Alexis;
Former Chair, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago/Northwestern U.; Participant: Gerald F Davis;
U. of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Participant: Mitchel
Abolafia; U. at Albany, SUNY; Participant: Donald A Palmer;
U. of California, Davis; Participant: Paul M Hirsch;
Northwestern U.; Author: Razvan
Lungeanu; Northwestern U.; Author: Michael Maher; U. of
California, Davis;
The recent mortgage crisis provides
an opportunity for management theories to draw lessons from, and suggest ways
to prevent organizational, market, and oversight failures in key sectors of
the economy. For organization research, the mortgage meltdown – its roots,
and the policies developed to manage what may arguably be seen as a “normal
accident” - provides a plethora of interpretive challenges. Five topics and
theoretical areas we see as important to improve our understanding of, and
extend explanations for this crisis include: the social construction of
markets; the multiple (political, economic, and social) logics of managing
financial organizations and institutions; the behavior and decisions of
managers and organizations when rules are unclear; the impact of ideology on
administration; and the response and coordination of national and
international government agencies to prevent global crises. These issues
raise questions concerning strategy (e.g., planning and risk management),
critical perspectives (where were the whistle-blowers?), and social issues
(the ethics of pushing subprime contracts on poor risks). The goal of the
proposed symposium is to assess how management theories provide intriguing
and provocative perspectives on these issues. In addressing them, our expert
presenters provide creative and original interpretations of the reasons for
this crisis, its unfolding and likely resolution. The symposium features
leaders in the study of economic organizations and development of theories of
management and organization. Each presenter will also relate his own work to
the mortgage crisis, and consider its implications for further research and
theory development. |
Symposium |
(OMT, BPS, CMS) |
9:45AM - 11:15AM |
Hyatt Regency Chicago, Grand A |
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766 |
Facilitator: Craig
Prichard; Massey U CMS: Conscious
Consumption in Brazil: "Greening the Corporation" Through
Organizational Discourses. Author: Denise Franca Barros;
EBAPE-FGV; Author: Alessandra Mello Costa;
EBAPE-FGV; Author: João
Felipe Rammelt Sauerbronn;
EBAPE-FGV; Author: Eduardo André Teixeira Ayrosa; EBAPE-FGV; Being green is the new fad and
corporations are aware of it. Today, “green” refers not only to environment,
but also to many complex issues. Our aim is discuss “conscious consumption”
discourse in Brazil having as an organizational reference a powerful voice
born among private corporations: Akatu Institute
for Conscious Consumption. Critical discourse analysis conducted on Akatu’s texts published in its homepage suggested that
there is a gap between organizational discourse of conscious consumption and
corporation practices. We detected a perverse shift of responsibility from
producers to consumers, and a strong marketing bias underlying the idea of
“greening the corporation”. CMS: Unfolding
creative process in GDT: Brazilian team work with SW, FR & IN counterparts
Author: Rosana
Silveira Reis; U. of Bologna - UNIBO; Author: Françoise Chevalier;
HEC; The actual complexity of economic,
social, technological and business environments in which modern organisations are inserted, have determined new forms of
working relationships and configurations. The aim of this study is to explore
and analyse how the creative process unfolds in
globally distributed teams. With a qualitative approach, we have as a case
study Volvo 3P project and more specifically the New Product Development team
based in Brazil, which works alongside with teams distributed in Sweden,
France and India. Our empirical evidence shows that clear project goals,
shared values and vision, commitment, and willingness are conditions that
enhance the creative process, which likewise is underpinned and enhanced by
communication. CMS: The
Constitutive Role of Roadmaps and Timelines in Joint Project Development
Author: Senem
Guney; State U. of New York, Albany; Author: James R Taylor; -; This study extends previous research
on project management tools as boundary objects and examines the constitutive
properties of these tools as organizational maps (Taylor & Van Every,
2000) in joint project development. Data for this paper comes from an ethnographic
study of the distributed development of a high-technology project between the
internal organizations of a large corporation. This study investigates the
insights we can take from the communication-as-constitutive approach in the
study of organizing processes, especially concerning the discursive
construction of legitimacy and authority in collaborative work settings where
these constructs can not be fixed in existing structures. CMS: Negotiated
locally and marketed globally Author: George Kandathil; Cornell U.; Recently, scholars of postcolonial technoscience have suggested an important research
direction: understand the mutual influence of the local notions of the
colonized on the technoscience of the colonizer,
especially the influence of the local notions on the colonizer’s technoscience (reverse influence). Through an
illustrative case study I describe such a mutual influence, highlighting the
reverse influence and the political dynamics involved in it. This approach
not only challenge the assumption that the Western knowledge is objective,
authoritative and universally applicable but also unmasks how Western
knowledge achieves universality and objectivity through absorption of
multi-cultural notions and exercise of power. I describe how the global
discourse that Western conceptualizations about time are scientific,
objective, and universally applicable is locally reproduced and reinforced at
some point in time, and resisted at another point in time during the process
of embedding temporal notions into a modifiable standard packaged
software--Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP). The context of the study is an
implementation of ERP in a Western multinational organization in India.
During the implementation, ERP, with its Western origin, design, and
embodiment of Western business practices encounters non-Western business
practices that have different temporal assumptions and the users who enact
such temporal assumptions. This cross-temporal cross-cultural encounter
occasioned various modalities of exercise of power, which resulted in the
reproduction of and the resistance to the global discourse and technology
modification. The modification increased the applicability of the software
and thereby its univerasality. CMS: Masculinities
under Threat: Visual Representations of Symbolic Violence
Author: Rafael Alcadipani; EAESP-FGV; Author: Maria Jose Tonelli; Fundação Getulio Vargas; This paper aims to analyze sketches
done by newspaper press operatives. The sketches analyzed in this article have
been gathered during an in-depth ethnographic study carried out by one of
this paper’s author in one of the largest newspaper printing sites in Europe.
The newspaper factory was undergoing a major technology change where four of
its main newspaper presses were being replaced by state of arte machines. As
a result, workers were made redundant. We will argue that the sketches
contents make explicit the symbolic violence pervasiveness in that
organizational context which is associated with sexuality, oppression and
self-destruction. All of them are related to (management) male dominance that
can threaten the shop-floor worker’s sense of masculinity. Drawing on the
work of Pierre Bourdieu and current debates in the
field, we aim to contribute to discussions about masculinity, violence and
sexuality in management and organization studies. CMS: The limits
to accessibility: Body politics in an urban planning organization
Author: Torkild
Thanem; Stockholm U.; This paper examines how project
implementation in an urban planning organization is disrupted and undermined
by body politics. Drawing on disability studies and feminist organization
theory, and employing a method of qualitative discourse analysis, the paper
investigates an urban planning project in a large Northern European city
aimed to enhance accessibility to the urban environment for disabled people.
The paper argues that despite “good intentions”, these efforts are disrupted
and undermined by ableist and male-stream body
politics and by intersectionalities between
able-bodied young female accessibility planners and accessibility issues. The
conclusion discusses what implications this has for future research on
implementation processes and body politics in management and organization
studies and for future practices of planning and implementation processes. CMS: The Problematization of Garbage and the Scavenger’s Governmentality in Rio de Janeiro City, Brazil
Author: Luis Cesar Araujo; Escola Brasileira de Administração Publica e de Empresas; Author: Scarlet Carmo; Unigranrio,
EBAPE/FGV; Following a Foucauldian
analysis approach (1972, 1991b), and Escobar´s (1995) problematization
of poverty, trash is considered as a discourse (regularity). By an analysis
of two opened interviews with an administrator of the Solid Waste Department
and the president of the scavenger's union, this article illustrates the
conditions that enable scavengers to participate in that regularity. Problematization means the social enhancement of trash
(its commoditization) and the municipal policies as an attempt to improve
their work conditions (governmentalization). This
article presents some elements which engender the scavenger as recyclers—or
subjects that are not enabled to accede to the rules of that discourse. CMS: Transforming
and negotiating organizational space: A visual study of university libraries
Author: Sharon Schembri; Griffith U.; Author: Maree
Veronica Boyle; Griffith U.; This paper reports on a visual study
of how organizational space is transformed and re-negotiated through the
construction, consumption and transformation of space as a contested
phenomenon. Assuming that the physical dimensions of organizations structure
the physical, social and emotional experiences of the members within them, this
study of seven Australian university libraries demonstrates that traditional
individualistic and didactic interaction with between organizational
gatekeepers and consumers and other consumers are challenged through the
transformation of corporate space into multiple spaces that are more
consumer-focused and controlled. Theoretical implications of this work
include challenge of functional perspectives by demonstrating how users of
organizational space actively redefine that space through the explicit construction
of emotional geographies and territories. CMS: An
Exploration of Factors Predicting Work Alienation of Knowledge Workers
Author: Nisha
Nair; Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad;
Author: Neharika
Vohra; Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad; There is limited research on work
alienation of knowledge workers in management studies. This paper seeks to
address this gap by exploring the extent and reasons for the alienation of
knowledge workers. In the absence of a comprehensive framework for
understanding work alienation, various factors such as structural elements of
centralization and formalization, work characteristics of autonomy, variety,
creativity, meaningfulness and self expressiveness, quality of work
relationships and justice perceptions were examined as predictors of work
alienation. Using survey data collected from six different organizations in
the information technology sector (N = 1142), results indicate that one in
every five knowledge worker was more or less alienated. The strongest
predictors of work alienation for knowledge workers were found to be lack of
meaningful work, inability of work to allow for self expression and poor
quality work relationships. Implications for practice and future directions
for research are also discussed. CMS: What is
wrong with food waste? Author: Sharon Sze Lun Chan; Monash U.; Author: Jan Schapper;
Monash U.; However it is measured, Australians
waste a lot of food. In this paper we use Australian food practises
to offer an analysis of what is wrong with food waste. To answer the question
what is wrong with food waste, we will begin with an exploration of some of
the many concepts of waste in general, before detailing the specific meaning
of food waste to be used in this paper. The paper then identifies what we
consider to be the major dimensions of what is wrong with food waste,
followed by an examination of some individual and collective responses to the
situation of ‘surplus’ food. With this as a background, the paper offers a
critical analysis of both the problem of food waste as well as responses to
that problem. We then indicate the limitations of current research in the
area of food waste and highlight future areas worthy of study. Conscious of
the conference theme we conclude our paper with a call for sustainable
business practises that minimise
food waste and its impact on the environment. CMS: Finding
Fame: The Creation of the Celebrity Chef Author: Natasha Slutskaya; Brunel Business School; Author: Andre Spicer; U. of
Warwick; In this paper we seek to examine the
identity work which is involved in creating a celebrated self. In particular,
we are considering how a humble identity can be transformed into a celebrated
identity. To explore this question we will examine how the identity of the
celebrity chef was created in England. We trace out how two English chefs
sought to shift the identity of the chef from being a modest food technician
to being a potential culinary celebrity. We find they did this through
copying the identity of French chefs. However doing so created a sense of
loss associated with their Englishness. This suggests that celebrated selves
are locked in a dialectic tension between attempts to create wholeness
through copying and a persistent sense of loss this copying implies. CMS: US Press and
the Highest Glass Ceiling: WSJ Coverage of Hillary Clinton and Sarah Palin Author: Linda A Krefting; Texas Tech U.; The 2008 US Presidential election
made history not only for the election of the first African-American
President, but also for the campaigns of Senator Hillary Clinton and Governor
Sarah Palin to break “the highest glass ceiling.”
Significant concerns about gender bias in press coverage were raised during
the campaigns of both women. This paper reports critical discourse analysis
of extensive coverage in the Wall Street Journal, which first published the
phrase “glass ceiling” and holds an influential position in the intertextual chain of management discourse. Although
there are differences in the coverage of the 2 women, both are portrayed in
ways consistent with reservations about women in leadership. There is
ambivalent sexism, tension between competence and likeability, with emphasis
on gendered issues, including family. Letters to the editor reflect no
consensus on either candidate or proper media coverage. The excessive
discourse about both Clinton and Palin reflect
continuing ambivalence about appropriate gender roles and powerful women. |
Paper Session |
(CMS) |
11:30AM - 1:00PM |
Hyatt Regency Chicago, Riverside Center
VV CMS 1 |
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|
767 |
Chair: Kathleen Marshall Park;
Massachusetts Institute of Technology; CMS: They should
listen to us. A process of accomodation to
unexpected resistance in the workplace Author: David Courpasson;
EM Lyon; Author: Françoise Dany; EM Lyon; Author: Stewart Clegg; U. of
Technology, Sydney; The paper investigates a case in
which managers overtly resist decisions from above, not to engage in dissent
per se but in order to mobilize organizationally enclavic
regimes promoting an alternative vision of organizational action. We
highlight how processes of accommodation can make such resistance productive,
in the sense that they influence top management decisions through forced
interactions between resistors and top managers. Thus, our research provides
empirical data that challenges the terms of dominant accounts of resistance
in the workplace. It also contributes to the conceptualization of resistance
through the introduction of the concept of productive resistance and an
analysis of the conditions in which such resistance is productive. New
explanations about the processes enabling intra-organizational social
movements to emerge and influence organizational practices are advanced. CMS: The
emergence of Israel’s field of management as a dynamic of overlapping fields
Author: Michal Frenkel; Hebrew U. of Jerusalem; The paper draws on the case of the
institutionalization of the Israeli field of professional management to
propose a new way to theorize the role of power relations and power dynamics in
shaping the cross-national transfer of management practices and forms of
corporate control. Building on Bourdieu’s
reflections on the emergence of new fields, and specifically his discussion
of power as a manifestation of social, cultural and symbolic capital, I argue
that instead of focusing on the dynamics within an organizational field, we
should understand the emergence of a new field as a dynamic occurring in a
zone in which two or more existing fields overlap. If we think of social
fields as a kind of magnetic force subjected to a specific logic of action, I
argue that the institutionalization of the field of professional management
in Israel takes place in a zone in which the gravitational pull of two
magnetic fields comes to bear at one and the same time. As I argue throughout
the article, the actors who succeeded in advancing the institutionalization
of the new field of management, and who were largely responsible for
determining its nature, were those who possessed cultural capital perceived
as legitimate in both fields, and whose various social resources could be
converted from one field to the other. CMS: Silenced
musicians: the major labels’ discursive work in the reproduction of the
institutional order Author: Antoine Blanc;
U-Paris Dauphine; Author: Isabelle Huault; U-Paris Dauphine; We examine in this paper the issue
of how institutions are maintained and the role of agency in this process. We
investigate more specifically the efforts of actors to maintain the
institutional order through discourse. We approach this issue through an
in-depth and longitudinal study of actors’ efforts to maintain institutions
in the French Music Industry from 2004 to today. Our study focuses on the
discursive work of some actors in fixing meaning about artists and then
maintaining institutions. To do this, we resort to a discourse analysis and
more particularly to a lexicometric study. We
contribute to the study of institutional maintenance in two ways. First, we
argue that maintaining institutions is the outcome of agency and not an
automatic or a mechanical mimetic process. Secondly, we demonstrate the
reproduction of institutions through discourse. CMS: Busting
Stereotypes? A Critical Analysis of Recruitment Messages from ICAO
Author: Peggy Wallace; Trent
U.; Critical hermeneutics is used to
critique recent recruitment messages emanating from the Institute of
Chartered Accountants of Ontario (ICAO). The new campaing,
targeted at secondary school students, invites them to become CAs and RULE
THE WORLD. I argue that while the materials may dispel or eliminate certain
stereotypes of accountants, they perpetuate other stereotypes through the use
of text and images invoking masculinity, power and elitism. This is
accomplished through the presence of gender subtexts. The paper concludes
with personal reflections and suggestions for future research. |
Paper Session |
(CMS) |
11:30AM - 1:00PM |
Hyatt Regency Chicago, Toronto |
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|
800 |
Employee Training,
Transfer, and Evaluation Facilitator: Bradford S Bell;
Cornell U.; CMS: Understanding
intercultural training – an Actor – Network Perspective
Author: Betina
Szkudlarek; Rotterdam School of Management,
Erasmus U.; In this project I apply
Actor-Network Theory in an analysis of one of the HRM practices, namely: a
reentry training. Through a processual
deconstruction (Lee & Hassard, 1999) I point
out in what ways new orders of causality are generated (Akrich,
1992) and a seemingly “natural” order is achieved (Callon,
1986b). This analysis helps in achieving two goals. First, I want to reveal
the highly questionable decisions and processes which accompany setting up
and execution of many organizational undertakings. Second, I want to show the
usefulness of the process-centred frameworks, such
as ANT, for the analysis of modern organizations. HR: Revisting Transfer Through a
Qualitative Analysis of Reflective Learning Journals
Author: Travor
C. Brown; Memorial U. of Newfoundland; Author: Martin McCracken; U.
of Ulster; Author: Paula Marie O'Kane; U. of Ulster; Transfer of training is a critical
issue for developmental programs. While considerable quantitative work has
examined issues related to transfer, few studies have assessed transfer using
qualitative techniques. In this paper, we review open-ended qualitative data
contained in 75 reflective learning journals from union and supervisory
participants who took part in an 11½ day leadership skills program.
Approximately three months post-training, trainees completed reflective
learning journals. In these journals, trainees responded to three
statements/questions for each module: (1) what they learned
(learning/retention); (2) how they applied or planned to apply their learning
(transfer); and, (3) barriers they experienced in applying the learning
(barriers). We then used a combination of content analysis and grounded
theory techniques to analyze the data contained in these journals. Our
results confirmed several of the transfer of training relationships found in
previous quantitative studies (e.g., importance of managerial support and opportunity
to use skills at work); however, we did uncover new relationships (e.g.,
importance of reflective learning techniques, environmental factors related
to unionization). Overall, we believe that the results suggest that
additional qualitative techniques can, and should, be used in order to better
understand the transfer of training process. As such, we conclude with
several suggestions for future research that involve qualitative and blended
methods. HR: Variability
as a Criterion in Training Evaluation: The Example of Frame-of-Reference
(FOR) Training Author: S. Duane Hansen;
Purdue U., West Lafayette; Author: Deidra J Schleicher;
Purdue U., West Lafayette; About a decade ago, Alliger and Katzman (1997)
proposed that the effects of training on between-person variability should be
examined in addition to the mean differences approach typically used in
training evaluation research and practice; yet this call has gone unanswered
in the empirical training evaluation literature. The current study uses the Alliger and Katzman (1997)
five-factor model for predicting changes in variability to evaluate training
programs (two separate samples) in which such changes are particularly
germane: frame-of-reference (FOR) training. For both samples, participants
(N=83 and N=122) were randomly assigned to FOR or control training and
completed pre- and post-measures on factors of the five-factor model. In
support of the hypotheses (and the model), we found that, across both
samples, FOR training generally reduced variability among the criteria, and
that such changes were generally in accordance with the five-factor model’s
predictions. Results are discussed with regard to both the value of examining
variability as a criterion in FOR training evaluation specifically and
implications for models of predicting variability change in training
interventions more generally. HR: Training
evaluation in italian corporate universities : a
stakeholder based analysis Author: Marco Guerci;
Politecnico di Milano; Author: Emilio Bartezzaghi; Politecnico di Milano; Author: Luca Solari;
U. degli studi di milano; Corporate Universities emerged as a
mechanism that provides companies with a wide variety of training and
educational programs. Assessing the performance of training by both Corporate
Universities and stakeholders is critical. This exploratory study focuses on
understanding performance monitored by the Corporate Universities and by the
stakeholders. Six cases within the Italian context were investigated. The
results suggest that Corporate Universities integrate the traditional
training evaluation models with the evaluation of other training performances
in order to satisfy their stakeholders’ needs. Implications for future
research and practice are discussed. OB: Feedback
Specificity, Information Processing, and Transfer of Training
Author: Jodi S. Goodman; U.
of Connecticut; Author: Robert E. Wood; U. of
Melbourne; Author: Zheng
Chen; U. of Connecticut; Specific feedback is generally
considered beneficial for performance and learning, but evidence for this
generalization is limited. We argue that specific feedback discourages
information processing during training and undermines the learning needed for
later, independent performance. Study results demonstrated that increasing
feedback specificity reduced information processing during training and
interacted with information processing to differentially affect the learning
and transfer of rules for performing in favorable and unfavorable task
conditions. Our results suggest that those who received specific feedback
learned mainly through an associative learning process, while those who
received less specific feedback relied more heavily on inductive learning
processes. |
Interactive Paper Session |
(IP) |
11:30AM - 1:00PM |
Hyatt Regency Chicago, Regency C Table 3 |
||
|
870 |
Free Session |
(CMS) |
1:15PM - 2:45PM |
Hyatt Regency Chicago, Toronto |
|||
|
975 |
The Practice of
Studying Management Critically Chair: Rafael Alcadipani;
EAESP-FGV; CMS: “MANaging with Power”?: Re-reading Pfeffer’s
Teachings on Power in Organizations Author: Tiffany Galvin; U. of
Massachusetts, Amherst; Author: Lindsey Pilver; Pennsylvania State U.; Jeffrey Pfeffer’s
1992 book entitled, Managing with Power is a prominent example of a
management textbook that serves a particular ideological purpose in the
education of business students, and ultimately, future managers in society.
This paper offers a re-reading of this important and influential management
text with a focus on the discourse invoked in this book. We argue that a
deconstructed, critically informed, reading of this text illuminates certain
hegemonic and gendered based notions of managing and managers that can often
go unchallenged or unnoticed. In doing so, the book serves to legitimize a
certain social order in which certain characteristics, forms of behaviors,
and power relationship re naturalized while others are silenced or
marginalized. Our critique builds in the tradition of work by critical
management education scholars who problematize the
gendered (as well as raced, class, heterosexist) underpinnings of management
values and practices that are being taught in our MBA programs through the
subtext of the textbooks that are used. CMS: An
exploratory analysis of the Research Excellence Framework for academic
accounting in England. Author: Douglas Renwick; U.
of Sheffield; An exploratory analysis of the new
proposed Research Excellence Framework (REF) in academic accounting in
England is made. Finds that issues arising from adopting it include: barriers
to entry in publication; manipulation in the new framework; a skewing of
academic research agendas; unintended consequences for new universities, researchers,
and minority groups; systematic and technical barriers; increasing commodification, control, and intensification of academic
labour; and specific faults carried over from
previous research selectivity exercises. Conclusions are that as such, the
REF needs to be challenged and resisted as form of assessment for research
and funding in academic accounting in English universities. CMS: Organizing
Derrida Organizing Author: Andreas Rasche; U. of Warwick; This paper explores the connection
between the philosophy of Jacques Derrida (i.e. deconstruction) and
organizational analysis from an aporetic
perspective. In the first part, I introduce Derrida’s philosophy as a way to
expose the aporetic nature of theorizing about
organizations. I label this part of the discussion ‘Organizing Derrida’ as I
attempt to organize parts of his philosophy (although, strictly speaking this
is not possible). In the second part of the paper, after reviewing the
existing literature on Derrida and organization theory, I discuss three aporias – regarding environmental adaptation,
decision-making, and rule following – and show how Derridian
philosophy can help us to better understand how the experience of the
impossible acts as a necessary limit to our theorizing about the functioning
of organizations. I argue that the recognition of aporias
turns against well-established oppositions within organization theory and
helps us to better understand the rich interplay between the formerly
separated poles of these oppositions. This second part is labeled ‘Derrida
Organizing’ as it shows what implications Derridian
philosophy can have for organization theory. |
Paper Session |
(CMS) |
3:00PM - 4:30PM |
Hyatt Regency Chicago, Toronto |
||
|
996 |
Models of Firm
Evolution & Transformation Facilitator: Karen D. W.
Patterson; U. of New Mexico; TIM: From a life
cycle to a life spiral model in committee-based standardization
Author: Anke
Piepenbrink; Rutgers U.; This paper proposes an adoption of
the Tushman-Rosenkopf life cycle model for complex
open systems with network externalities. The mutual interdependence, high
uncertainty and costs require an ex-ante coordinated search process in a
standard-developing organization (SDO). The emergence of the first standard
provides the retention mechanism and serves as platform for the next search
process. The overlap of the era of ferment and era of increment result in a
composition of simultaneous incremental, modular and architectural
innovations. The continuous search process leads to a life spiral model
rather than a life cycle model. The cellular telecommunication technology
serves as example. BPS: Industry
Transformation and its Microfoundations. Conceptual
Contributions to How Industries Change Author: Martin Gersch; Freie U. Berlin; Author: Christian Goeke; Freie U. Berlin; The paper aims at starting a discussion
on how to describe and analyze the transformation of industries and their
architectures based on its microfoundations. From
the theoretical side the authors suggest a co-evolutionary conceptual
framework for the analysis of industrial dynamics being based on the
interplay of market process theory and a competence based theory of the firm.
Industry, supply chain architecture, market, organization and individual are modelled as interdependent levels of analysis and their coevolution is illustrated with the case of the German
pharmaceutical distribution. CMS: Sustainability
in employment ecology models of the modern firm
Author: Charles Thomas Tackney; Copenhagen Business School; At the core of the present global
crisis lies an ideological oversight that indicates standard business models
are subject to fail due to moral hazard: managerial prerogative, particularly
the U.S. variant, is not self-regulating in respect to either corporate risk
or the stewardship of stakeholder trust. We know there is variance in
national political economies, but less is known about legal factors informing
firm-specific variance, especially as these regards trust and transparency.
This paper reports research seeking to bridge this ‘gap’ by the introduction
of comparative legal ecology employment models of the enterprise. The
construct is derived from reflection upon industrial relations research into
the existence and nature of Japan’s ‘lifetime employment system’. Construct
parameters include employment security, labor unions and the degree of
employee participation permitted (if any); model schematics are offered for
the United States of America, Germany, Japan, Denmark, and the People’s
Republic of China. The comparative models help to account for variance in the
legal extent and nature of managerial prerogative, job security, and the
degree of information, power, and resource transparency of any enterprise.
These offer, in consequence, clear and clearly comparative benchmarks of
industrial democracy. |
Interactive Paper Session |
(IP) |
3:00PM - 4:30PM |
Hyatt Regency Chicago, Grand E Table 1 |
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|
997 |
Facilitator: Benyamin B.
Lichtenstein; U. of Massachusetts, Boston; ENT: Effects of
Theoretical and Methodological Rigor on Article Impact in the Field of
Entrepreneurship Author: Valentina
V. Kuskova; Indiana U., Bloomington; Author: Nathan Philip Podsakoff; U. of Arizona; Author: Philip M. Podsakoff; Indiana U.; The purpose of this study is to
examine the effect that an article’s theoretical contribution and the rigor of
its construct validation procedures have on its impact on the field. An
analysis of 91 articles in the field of entrepreneurship showed that both
theory development and the rigor of the construct validation procedures used
in the research significantly predicted an article’s impact. In addition,
theory development, construct validation rigor, journal quality, and article
age accounted for 63% of the variance in an article’s impact on the field.
Implications of these findings for researchers in the field of
entrepreneurship are discussed. CMS: An Inquiry
into the Metaphysical Underpinnings of the Question of the Entrepreneur
Author: Stratos
E Ramoglou; Cambridge U.; Although the asymmetry of action has
emboldened the confidence that there must be something special about people
who act entrepreneurially, the long-standing research question of the nature
of the entrepreneur has not yet yielded satisfying results. Whilst
researchers committed to the question commonly think that it is only
methodological inadequacies which are hindering us from unlocking the mystery
of the entrepreneur, this paper offers a different diagnosis. According to
that diagnosis, the question remains unanswered because it is unanswerable.
It is not a genuine question stemming from our experiences of the world but a
pseudo-question following the projection of our metaphysical prejudices onto
the world. In a nutshell, the asymmetry of action never led to the question
of the entrepreneur but it had instead been fallacious presuppositions on
asymmetry, supplied through the distorting lenses of causal determinism,
which entrapped us in ruminating that there must be something special in
entrepreneurs. Having identified the root of the problem in the lenses of
causal determinism, we have the option of throwing them away, to the end of
letting valid questions emerge. The analysis leads to the conclusion that
from a “down-to-earth” standpoint it is questions of agency that are now
confronting the scholar of entrepreneurship studies who is sincerely
interested in entrepreneurial action and not the mysteries of the
entrepreneurial essence.
TIM: The
Schumpeterian Entrepreneur is Alive and Well Author: Serguey
Braguinsky; Carnegie Mellon U.; Author: Steven Klepper; Carnegie Mellon U.; Author: Atsushi Oyama; U. of Illinois at Urbana Champaign; In contrast to Schumpeterfs
vision of the entrepreneur, analyses of the self employed have left the
lingering impression that entrepreneurship on average is not rewarding and
may be as much the domain of misfits as talented individuals. In this paper
we lay out a theoretical model of the Schumpeterian entrepreneur and derive
various predictions. We then test these predictions using a novel data set on
the self employed that allows us to focus on highly educated individuals that
exploit their education in their work. The results suggest that the
Schumpeterian entrepreneur is alive and well, particularly among younger
individuals. ENT: Austrian
economics and the study of entrepreneurship: concepts and contributions
Author: Henrik
Berglund; Chalmers U. of Technology; Entrepreneurship researchers’
growing interest in Austrian economics has not been matched by systematic
efforts to tease out and incorporate this tradition’s basic ideas. This paper
introduces the Austrian market-process tradition and also compares this to
the influential equilibrium-focused neoclassical tradition. Taking this
contrast as point of departure, three central questions in the field of
entrepreneurship studies are reexamined: Who is an entrepreneur?, What is an
opportunity?, and What is the role of planning? Based on the answers to these
specific questions, the paper concludes with a broader discussion of how
Austrian concepts can contribute to the theoretical and methodological
development of entrepreneurship studies writ large. ENT: Entrepreneurship
within the Creative Industries: Looking back to go further
Author: Eduardo Davel; TÉLUQ, U. of Quebec in Montreal, Canada; Author: Fernando Fachin; Concordia U.; This research scrutinizes the
academic production involving entrepreneurship in the specific context of
creative industries. Entrepreneurial endeavors within creative industries can
be profitably conceptualized in a multitude of ways, considering many levels
of correlation between artistic, cultural and commercial practices. Thus, in
order to organize and analyze existing research on entrepreneurial studies in
this context, we guide our research by two axes. The first axis follows the
lead of Erich Fromm’s (1976) having and being modes to understand commercial
and artistic orientations of research within creative industries. The second
axis comprises two categories of structuration
theory, namely agency and structure, as resources for understanding
individual or collective (institutionalized) approaches to entrepreneurship.
According to the analysis of publications, we discuss implications and
suggestions for further research within entrepreneurship studies, such as
orientating research towards a being mode and rethinking dichotomous
polarities (e.g., agency-structure and having-being) from the idea of
proportion (instead of balance or equilibrium). |
Interactive Paper Session |
(IP) |
3:00PM - 4:30PM |
Hyatt Regency Chicago, Grand E Table 2 |
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|
1003 |
Toward a Better
Understanding of Governance Facilitator: Deborah Blackman;
U. of Canberra; CMS: Parallel Or
Colliding Universes Of Corporate Governance? European and Anglo-American
Governance Author: Thomas Clarke; U. of
Technology, Sydney; The European (insider) system of
corporate governance and Anglo-American (outsider) system have been described
as ‘parallel universes.’ The international financial crisis exposed in high
relief the different systems of corporate governance that exist in the United
States and Europe. Though the financial institutions on both sides of the
Atlantic succumbed to similar adventures with high yielding exotic financial
instruments and pursued leverage to dangerous levels, there were important
differences in the way European leaders and regulators responded to the
ensuing financial crisis compared to their American counterparts. The
commitment to reform the international financial regulatory structure was
much greater among Europeans, which reflected their different approach to
regulation and governance. Underpinning this divergence in regulatory and
governance systems, was a different conception of the logic of capitalism and
the role of markets. In preparing for the economic challenges ahead Europe is
confronting two inescapable imperatives: the first is the necessity to
rejuvenate mature industries and to create new, innovative industries; the
second – and much greater challenge - is to achieve sustainability in all
economic activity. It is difficult to imagine how economic reforms directed
simply at developing the market mechanisms and shareholder value of the Anglo-American
corporate governance model could possibly contribute effectively to either of
these challenges. PNP: Governance
and New Public Management: Convergences and Contradictions in the Brazilian
context Author: Alketa
Peci; EBAPE-FGV; Author: Octavio
Pieranti; EBAPE-FGV; Author: Silvia Rodrigues; EBAPE-FGV; The purpose of this theoretical
essay is to deliver a critical review of the principles guiding public
administration reforms at the federal level, showing the closeness and
divergence of governance and New Public Management concepts. Five basic
dichotomies were analyzed: administration and politics; public policymaking
and implementation; self-government and dependence; citizen and client; and
transparency and efficiency. The conclusions of this work emphasize the
prevalence of principles based on the NPM to detriment of its applicability
in the governance network under construction in the Brazilian
re-democratization and post-privatization process and point out the necessity
of building own governance models. BPS: Learning
from the Past: How Effective are Structural Changes in Corporate Governance
Author: Ashay
B. Desai; U. of Wisconsin, Oshkosh; Author: John D. Francis; San
Diego State U.; In this paper, we study the effects
of changes in boards of directors during performance declines and any
resulting impacts on corporate performance. From an agency theory
perspective, decline in performance warrants changes in board monitoring. Our
study examines changes in board monitoring as measured by the proportion of
outside directors, shareholdings of outside directors, CEO duality, board
size, and number of board meetings during the decline period. Consistent with
the agency theory arguments, our results indicate that board monitoring intensity
increases as measured by these changes in the period following decline in
performance. However, the results indicate that the impact of structural
changes on subsequent performance is negligible. |
Interactive Paper Session |
(IP) |
3:00PM - 4:30PM |
Hyatt Regency Chicago, Regency B Table 1 |
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|
1013 |
Current Research on
Expatriates Facilitator: Rebecca A. Bull;
Illinois State U.; IM: Job Factors
and Work Outcomes of Expatriate Academics Author: Jan Selmer; Aarhus
U.; Author: Jakob
Lauring; Aarhus U.; The literature on business
expatriates have been increasing rapidly, but research on expatriate
academics has remained scant, despite the apparent increasing globalization
of the academic world. This is unfortunate, since these two groups of
expatriates may face different work situations at their foreign locations.
Therefore, more research is needed to uncover such potential differences. A
questionnaire was directed electronically towards expatriate academics
occupying regular positions in science faculty departments in universities in
the Nordic countries and in the Netherlands. Results showed that job clarity
was the dominating job factor with strong relationships with all of the five
investigated work outcome variables, work adjustment, work performance, work
effectiveness, job satisfaction, and time to proficiency. Job conflict and
job freedom had an association with some of the work outcome variables but
not with all of them. Neither work load nor job novelty had a relationship
with any of the work outcome variables of the expatriate academics. The
findings are only partly consistent with previous research results concerning
business expatriates suggesting that the work situation for expatriate
academics could have both similarities and discrepancies as compared to that
of business expatriates. Implications of these findings are discussed in
detail. CMS: Expatriates,
Migrants, Gender, Race, and Class Author: Daphne Perkins Berry;
U. of Massachusetts at Amherst;
In the International Management (IM) literature on
female expatriates, “expatriate” is used in reference to the transnational
movement of employees by multinational corporations (MNCs). IM’s resulting
expatriate analyses apply to a specific group of relatively privileged women.
However, as clear in other literatures, many other ("migrant")
women move across national boundaries for work. In this paper, I develop a
critical framework on the narrow focus that this literature pays to women who
migrate to work. HR: Managing
global talent: What do expatriate spouses really need?
Author: Nina D Cole; Ryerson
U.; Spousal adjustment issues, increasingly
career-related, are a major reason for expatriate assignment failure.
Employer-provided spousal assistance programs have been proposed to address
this situation. This field study of 238 expatriate spouses found that those
who experience a severe disruption or cessation of employment have
significantly lower interaction adjustment to the expatriate experience than
others. For spouses with a career orientation to work, females had higher
cultural and interactional adjustment than males. Only 18 percent of the
spouses received employer-provided career assistance, and there was no
significant difference in adjustment between spouses who received assistance
and those who did not. Interviews with 100 spouses indicated that their
greatest needs are for networking information to assist with their job search
and for a ‘go to’ person for practical settling-in assistance. IM: Partial Test
of a Model of Cross-Cultural Coping Author: Roger N. Blakeney; U. of Houston; Author: Laura Galarza; U. of
Puerto Rico; It is strategically important to
understand better the expatriate adjustment process given their strategic
implications for firms. However, the management literature on expatriate
adjustment has presented two crucial, recurring problems: conceptualization
and methods. Interchangeable and inconsistent use of terms and an over
reliance on cross-sectional studies obscures our understanding of the coping
process. Thus, in a longitudinal study, we tested the most basic assumption
of a model and found there were two different patterns of coping in the new
culture. Lastly, we discuss theoretical and research implications, including
those propositions to be tested as part of the ongoing research program. |
Interactive Paper Session |
(IP) |
3:00PM - 4:30PM |
Hyatt Regency Chicago, Regency D Table 3 |
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|
1075 |
After the Fall: Saving
Management Knowledge from Itself Chair: Marta B. Calas; U. of
Massachusetts - Amherst; Chair: Linda Smircich;
U. of Massachusetts, Amherst; Presenter: Martin Parker; U.
of Leicester; Presenter: Rick Delbridge; Cardiff U.; Presenter: Robyn Thomas;
Cardiff U.; Presenter: Raza A Mir;
William Paterson U.; Presenter: Gavin Jack; La
Trobe U.; Discussant: Hugh Willmott; U. of Cardiff; Discussant: Stephen Dunne; U.
of Leicester; The social impact of business and
management practices is currently at the forefront of public consciousness.
The environmental consequences of long-term oil dependence together with the
social consequences of the recession and the credit crisis are but two sides
of a broader emergency that is provoking widespread pain, anguish and
violence worldwide. These conditions have prompted a number of management
scholars to reflect on just how the knowledge and practices they develop and
reproduce through their research, teaching, and publishing have contributed
to these conditions and to ask, in particular, if they are part of the
problem or contributing solutions. Emerging from these reflections, the
symposium has two aims: One is to sketch problems with current forms taken by
management knowledge production - much of them well rehearsed - emphasizing
the need to go beyond the simple reflective scholarly gesture to which we
have become accustomed. The second aim thus follows: to outline parameters
for new forms of management knowledge production – new theoretical and research
agendas, new curricula and new ways of publishing - not only exploring the
breadth of forms that this knowledge might take, but also the required
institutional changes to make it possible, and the sustainable and ethical
practices that might guide them. To this effect, the symposium is designed as
an open forum for generative discussion and further engagement from our
scholarly community: Can we save management knowledge from itself? |
Symposium |
(CMS) |
4:45PM - 6:15PM |
Hyatt Regency Chicago, Toronto |
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Tuesday, Aug 11 2009 |
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1211 |
The Political Economy
of Management Discussant: Paul Adler; U. of
Southern California; Chair: Anna-Maria Murtola; Åbo Akademi U.; CMS: Diversity in
the Lean Automobile Factory: Re-Doing Class along Socio-Demographic
Identities Author: Patrizia
Zanoni; Hasselt U.;
The study investigates how diversity is discursively
constructed in an automobile factory as 1) the inability of specific
socio-demographically ‘different’ groups of workers to function within the
lean production system and 2) individual workers’ resistant strategy to
contain exploitation drawing on alleged inability. In both constructions,
workers’ difference is systematically associated with lower surplus value.
These discursive constructions are, on the one hand, firmly anchored in the
material and discursive productive structure of the factory. On the other,
they are deployed to legitimize the elimination of 1) phases of the
production process that can be carried out by ‘different’ workers through
outsourcing and 2) ‘different’ workers themselves in restructuring processes.
Both modes of elimination are functional to increase the value extracted from
labour. Based on these findings, a
re-conceptualization of diversity as a mode of enacting contemporary class
relations is proposed. CMS: The Ideology
of Opposition: Accounting for Managerial Hostility Towards Trade Unions
Author: Brian Harney; Dublin
City U.; Author: Tony Dundon;
National U. of Ireland, Galway; Author: Niall Cullinane;
National U. of Ireland, Galway; This paper exposes the deficiencies of
existing union avoidance typologies and argues that managerial ideology is
central to a deeper and historically grounded understanding of employer
hostility towards unionisation. In advancing this
argument we explore the antecedents of managerial ideology and provide an
illuminated meaning which enables us to better locate the dynamics of
managerial opposition to trade unions. The paper then explores the critical
issues of why and how this dominant ideological currency is sustained. The
paper concludes that because ideology is what drives managerial decollectivizing sentiments, ideology deserves a central
place in industrial relations research and analysis. CMS: Self-fulfilling
Processes at a Global Level: The Evolution of HRM Practices in Korea, 1987-2007
Author: Johngseok
Bae; Korea U.; This paper analyzes the evolution of
human resource management (HRM) practices in Korea as a self-fulfilling
process at a global level. Korean HRM practices have experienced two paradigm
shifts, in 1987 and 1997, going from a seniority-based, paternalistic
employment relationship to a performance-based, market-like relationship.
These revolutionary changes in HRM practices occurred when Korean society
underwent major social upheavals, which created the conditions for accepting
¡°new¡± norms and practices. The rapid diffusion of ¡°American-style¡±
management ideologies and practices to Korean firms can be explained by a
self-fulfilling diffusion process taking place through international
organizations and local institutions. CMS: Buyers of
Souls & Sellers of Souls – Some Dynamics of the Current Financial Crisis
Author: Craig R. Littler; St.
Andrews U.; Arguably, the current financial
crisis marked the true beginning of the 21st century. Mainstream economists have
been asking questions of themselves and their models (Reinhart & Rogoff, 2009; Giles, 2008), but the financial crisis asks
questions of us too. What can we contribute to understanding the financial
crisis and, reflexively, what are some of the theoretical lessons? This paper
analyses some of the contours of the financial crisis in terms of the
transformation of the banking industry. Involved in this transformation has
been the financialisation of personal income
associated with the ‘de-subjectivization of
identities’. These twin processes change the dynamics of events. |
Paper Session |
(CMS) |
8:00AM - 9:30AM |
Hyatt Regency Chicago, Toronto |
||
|
1238 |
Understanding
Organizational Legitimacy Facilitator: Konstantinos
Grigoriou; Georgia Institute of Technology; OMT: A New Measure
of Organizational Legitimacy for Institutional Research: Methodology and
Illustration Author: Jean-Philippe Vergne; HEC Paris; Despite a growing interest for
institutional theory in organization research, there is no consensual
methodology for measuring firm legitimacy. We review and discuss the three
traditional measurement strategies (i.e., corporate code adoption, firm
linkages, media perception) and show their limitations. In particular, none
of the three supports cross-national comparison because of international
divergence in regulative and cultural environments. This paper fills this
gap, proposes a 3-step methodology to create a firm Raw Legitimacy Score
(RLS) that supports cross-national comparison. We assess the validity of RLS
against existing measures by providing an illustration in the global defense
industry between 1997 and 2007. We discuss potential contributions for
institutional research. CMS: A Critical
Perspective of Authority, Legitimacy and Strategy From an Emerging Economy
Author: Alex Faria;
EBAPE-FGV; Author: Robin Wensley;
U. of Warwick; Author: Takeyoshi
Imasato; EBAPE-FGV; Authority and legitimacy are key
concepts in strategy and organizations and hence in the field of strategic management
(SM). Drawing upon the work of Max Weber from a critical standpoint this
paper shows the importance of the territorial-international dimension of
authority and legitimacy for academics and strategists. It is then argued
that the SM literature delegitimises strategists
and organizations that are crucially important in emerging economies. In the
end the paper shows how the field of strategy in Brazil can help recognize
and construct the legitimate authority of other types of strategists and
organizations in emerging economies. OMT: The
Diffusion of Downsizing in Korea: From Legitimation
to Rationalization Author: Sookyoung
Lee; Korea U.; Author: Hicheon
Kim; Korea U.; Previous studies of
institutionalization indicated that economic pressures were the predominant
driving force for change in early stages of diffusion, whereas institutional
pressures were predominantly found to influence the later stages. However, we
suggest, with early strong legitimation, a new
practice can be institutionalized even before decision-making becomes more
efficiency-oriented. With 407 listed manufacturing firms in Korea, we tested
the effect of economic pressures and institutional pressures on downsizing
during the financial crisis and afterwards. During the financial crisis
period, both economic and institutional factors were found to positively
affect downsizing. Nevertheless, during the post-crisis period, institutional
factors were found to negatively affect downsizing, while economic factors
were still found to positively affect downsizing. OMT: (Re)producing
Institutions: Meaning Construction in the Implementation of a Legitimate
Template Author: Maria B Gondo; U. of Memphis; Author: John Matthew Amis; U.
of Memphis; Author: Brian Janz;
U. of Memphis; Author: Amy Hennington;
Department of Computer Information Systems Middle Tennessee State U.; Drawing upon a 3-year ethnographic
case study, we examined the process of meaning construction in an existing
organization that was attempting to (re)produce a legitimate template. We
offer insights into the process of meaning construction during institutional
(re)production by suggesting that identifying a clear purpose for the change
and emphasizing the differences between the template and current practices
increases the likelihood actors will interpret the need to change their
practices in manner that is consistent with each other. |
Interactive Paper Session |
(IP) |
8:00AM - 9:30AM |
Hyatt Regency Chicago, Regency B Table 1 |
||
|
1308 |
Gender and Management
Practice Chair: Mary Godwyn;
Babson College; CMS: ´Macho´
Managers and Organizational Heroes:Discourses of
Power and Resistance in Popular Cinema Author: Alexia Panayiotou; U. of Cyprus; The representations of managers and
management put forward by popular culture have not received the adequate
scholarly attention of organization studies. Although several organizational
researchers have studied aspects of popular culture, a consistent exploration
of films is largely absent from the literature. Using a post-structuralist framework, this article deconstructs the
representations of managers in several mainstream popular films and locates
two seemingly competing discourses that encompass both a description of power
(what does power look like?) and the resistance to this power. In this sense,
it is argued that although popular films position subjects—managers and those
managed—in very specific ways, at the same time their construct of power is
highly contextual and open to change. CMS: An
alternative analysis of gender tokenism: implications for occupations and
organizations Author: Lindsey Pilver; Pennsylvania State U.; When women are police officers,
construction workers, fire fighters, CEO’s, or employed in any other
occupation historically occupied primarily by men, their gender immediately
becomes salient. They stand out as tokens. As Kanter
explains (1977b), tokenism can be understood in relation to ‘skewed’
groups—groups where there is a large proportion of individuals categorized in
the same manner in relation to few individuals who do not (or cannot) claim
membership in the dominant category (Kanter, 1977b:
965). An implication of Kanter’s work is that token
employees must contend with identity-related stressors in addition to
potentially negative emotional and professional outcomes that members of the
dominant group do not experience. The work I present here diverges from the
dominant understanding of tokenism in order to offer another reading of this
organizational phenomenon. Using the analytical technique of deconstruction,
my analysis positions tokenism as a site to question the socially constructed
nature of both gender and gendered occupations. Doing so suggests that
individuals and organizing may be constrained by categorical understandings
of both gender identity and occupations as suited to individuals of a
specific gender. CMS: So What’s a
Nurse to Do? The Gendered Logic(s) of Nursing and Health Care Organizations
Author: Paula Lentz; U. of
Wisconsin, Eau Claire; Author: Kristina A. Bourne;
U. of Wisconsin, Eau Claire; Our paper examines the experiences
of nurses through Acker’s (1990; 1992) theory of gendered organizations to
elucidate the gendered processes that produce and maintain the interdependent
gendered hierarchies of occupations and organizations. To this end, we
situate our analysis in the online texts produced by nurses with associate
degrees who are enrolled in an online leadership and management course as
part of a bachelor of science in nursing program. Specifically, we examine
three forums in which they discuss their experiences in health care
organizations with regards to conflict resolution, organizational structure,
and nursing professional empowerment. Our analysis focuses on the dynamics of
gendering involved in the interactions between individuals, organizational
documents, and the presentation of self. Our findings show that the gendered
hierarchy of health care organizations values scientific logic and reason
over emotion and empathy – the hallmark of the nursing profession. The nurses
in our study appear to make sense of their delegitimized and devalued
position in their organizations through patient care rhetoric –“it’s for the
good of the patient.” While this justification legitimates them
professionally within the nursing community, we argue it ultimately sustains
the gendered hierarchy of the organization in which things that are
associated with females, femaleness, and femininity are subordinated. CMS: A Critical
Review of Theory and Methods in the Work-Life Literature
Author: Mustafa F Ozbilgin; U. of East Anglia; Author: T. Alexandra Beauregard;
London School of Economics; Author: Myrtle P. Bell; U. of
Texas, Arlington; In this paper we examine from a critical perspective
the way work-life issues are conceptualized in the extant literature. We
perform this review with particular focus on disparities of power induced by
methodological and conceptual framing of the work-life interface across
strands of diversity. In doing so, we make explicit the relations of power
and power imbalances which remain implicit in current formulations of
work-life issues in the literature. Reflecting on this critical review, we
propose fairer, more inclusive and egalitarian ways of framing the work-life
interface and identify directions for future research. |
Paper Session |
(CMS) |
9:45AM - 11:15AM |
Hyatt Regency Chicago, San Francisco |
||
|
1309 |
The Employee Free Choice
Act and the Prospects for a New Green Social Contract Participant: Lewis Maltby; National Workrights
Institute; Chair: David Jacobs; Morgan
State U.; Participant: Joel Cutcher-Gershenfeld; U. of Illinois,
Urbana-Champaign; Participant: Mary Beth Maxwell;
American Rights at Work; Participant: Michael Peck;
MAPA; The New Deal delivered what
economist Joseph Schumpeter called "laborist
capitalism," a transformed capitalism affording workers rising wages and
benefits as well as power in the enterprise. With intensified international
competition, aggressive anti-union strategies by employers, and often hostile
government, unions today are far weaker. Workers' wages have been stagnant
since the 1970s and private benefits have seriously eroded. Labor activists
believe that they have a new opportunity to restore balance in the American
economy and boost labor organizing. The primary vehicle is the proposed
Employee Free Choice Act (EFCA), which would require employers to recognize
unions once a majority of workers sign authorization cards. A contemporary
form of laborist capitalism might combine a renewal
of unionism, a vibrant green high-wage sector, new patterns of equity and
inclusion, and flexible technologies that enhance quality and sustain
employment. The EFCA would facilitate worker organizing, expand and diversify
the labor movement, and might thereby advance at least some of these goals. |
Symposium |
(CMS, HR) |
9:45AM - 11:15AM |
Hyatt Regency Chicago, Toronto |
||
|
1331 |
Facilitator: Paul Skilton; Arizona State U. Polytechnic; ENT: Language as means
for involvement in the entrepreneurial process Author: Björn
Remneland; Gothenburg U.; The use of language is central in
entrepreneurship. This paper discusses how entrepreneurs utilize language to
involve allies in venture creation. The study is based on empirical data from
the emergence of two entrepreneurial ventures; The Idea Bank and Competence
Arena West. It contributes to the body of research on entrepreneurship by
highlighting the discursive aspects of the entrepreneurial process. Three rhetorical
forms are emphasized: visualization work, navigation work, and association
work. The paper shows that these language acts have the ability to create
spaces for play by mobilizing resources and content for the innovations. TIM: Workshopping for Innovation: Probing
Knowledge Transformation Across Boundaries in Networks
Author: Pauli Raafael
Alin; Helsinki U. of Technology; Author: John E. Taylor;
Columbia U.; Author: Riitta
Smeds; Helsinki U. of Technology; To survive, organizations and interorganizational networks must innovate. However,
research addressing innovation in networks is equivocal as to whether the
network form of organization is capable of achieving innovation. To address
this paradox, we turn to research on knowledge transformation which describes
difficulties at knowledge boundaries in networks. We probe knowledge
transformation in interorganizational strategy
workshops and find current theoretical constructs on knowledge transformation
to be correct but inadequate in describing interorganizational
settings. We further find that crossing organizational vs. specialization
boundaries leads to different knowledge transformation outcomes. These
findings have significant implications for networks seeking to achieve and
sustain innovation. CMS: Social
Innovation in Sub-Political Arrangements
Author: Suzanne Benn;
Macquarie U.; Author: Mel Edwards; School
of Management, UTS; Author: Ellen Baker; U. of
Technology, Sydney; Underpinning Ulrich Beck’s (1992)
groundbreaking analysis of the impact of industrialization on society, in
terms of the creation of tangible social and environmental risk, lies the
assumption that new political arrangements – termed sub-politics - will
enable society to innovate away from these conditions of risk. Recent crises
have prompted organizational theorists to re-examine this thesis, that
certain political arrangements can generate forms of innovation that could
alleviate these problems. This paper aims to explore the antecedents of what
is now termed social innovation within the broad context of sub-political
arrangements that are formed around social and environmental meta-problems.
Drawing on three separate case studies of evident social innovations, we
examined the organizing processes that enabled their emergence and provided
evidence of how social innovation was achieved. The first showed the
effectiveness of temporary and non-coercive forms of interaction within
clusters that were self-organizing, aiming to understand how to enact
sustainability in their workplace. The second examined the emergence of
interconnected social networks within a community coalition that created
innovative processes for organizing across a diverse range of interests,
whilst building the legitimacy of an innovative conservation concept. The
third described three different strategies used by individuals within an
urban community to create conditions that would nurture innovative
problem-solving actions and encourage social change. Taken together, they
underline the powerful impacts of non-traditional decision-making and
leadership, and provide support for complexity-theory, emergence-oriented
approaches within sub-political arenas as an alternative to traditional
understandings of decision-making and leadership. OMT: Innovating a
New Management Practice: A Case Study of the Emergence of the ’Competence
Pool’ Author: Marjo-Riitta
Parzefall; European Business School; It is not until recently that
management innovation and in particular the process through which management
innovation emerges has started to attract the attention of academics and
practitioners. In particular, empirical research on management innovation
remains to date scarce. Drawing on a descriptive multi-method case study, I
will in this paper 1) examine the emergence of a novel management practice
named ‘Competence Pool’ that was developed to manage layoff pressures in a
telecommunications company in Finland; and 2) compare and contrast the
emergence of Competence Pool with the Management Innovation Process Model
(MIPM) framework recently presented by Birkinshaw
and his colleagues. The findings of this study are mainly in accordance with
the MIPM framework, but highlight the role of internal change agents and
innovation championing at the expense of external change agents. Further, the
importance of legitimization throughout the innovation process is stressed.
Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. |
Interactive Paper Session |
(IP) |
9:45AM - 11:15AM |
Hyatt Regency Chicago, Regency A Table 2 |
||
|
1333 |
Organizational
Learning in Context Facilitator: Claire A. Simmers;
Saint Joseph's U.; CMS: Organizational
Learning and Competency Building: Trade Union Organizations in Brazil and the
USA Author: Wilson Aparecido Costa Amorim; Fundação Instituto de Administração; Author: André Luiz
Fischer; U. de Sao Paulo; Author: Elza
Fátima Rosa Veloso;
U. de Sao Paulo; Author: Joel Souza Dutra; U.
de Sao Paulo; The objective of this article is to
see if the phenomenon of organizational learning, traditionally studied in
for-profit organizations, may also explain the changes that occurred in
Brazilian trade unionism, generating new organizational skills. We chose as
our research unit organizations that provide technical or political support
to trade unions in Brazil. We built cases on two such organizations: the Departamento Intersindical de Estatística e Estudos Sócio-Econômicos – DIEESE and the American Institute for
Free Labor Institute/American Center for International Labor Solidarity or
AIFLD/Solidarity Center. These organizations – the former domestic, the
latter international – have several characteristics in common, such as
provision of support to Brazilian trade unions and exercise of their
political leadership through the union movement. The research responds
positively to the initial question whether it is possible that the processes
of organizational learning explain changes in organizations outside the
for-profit organizations. New competencies in organizational and DIEESE AIFLD
/ Solidarity Center were founded. However, research carried out has also
shown that the development or maintenance of organizational competencies
occurred in a few aspects of the Knowledge-Based Economy. When investigating
the learning processes experienced by DIEESE and the AIFLD / Solidarity
Center we could see the great importance of their relationship competency.
Because of these competencies, it can be inferred that training, maintenance
and administration of extensive networks of contacts in the activities of
these organizations gained top priority in the two organizations over the
90s. This priority is justified by what's in the 80s, the relationship of the
two organizations were key to search for new knowledge, maintain or enhance
the credibility and, more objective, political and financial support. BPS: The Dymanics of Replication and Template-Use in a
Professional Service Firm Author: Shad S. Morris; Ohio
State U.; Author: Ryan Hammond;
Massachusetts Institute of Technology; |